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渣漿泵的零部件設計
國際標準化組織(ISO)將離心泵分為三類: I類技術泵，要求最嚴，即石油及石油化工用系; II類技術泵，要求中等，即化工用泵;III類技術泵，要求最松，即一般清水泵。本章主要介紹要求較高的離心泵設計，其他兩類簡單闡述。設計人員可根據(jù)實際情況(包括表面粗糙度、尺寸配合精度、幾何公差、間隙、技術要求等)靈活運用。對于高壓鍋爐給水泵、軍工用泵、核電用泵等，即便是輸送清水，也絕不能簡單套用上述劃分方式，它們都有各自的標準，設計人員需根據(jù)具體要求酌情處理。
6.1單級泵、兩級泵零部件設計
6.1.1
葉輪設計
常用葉輪結構型式如圖6-1可以是整體鑄件鍛件或焊接件。
1. 閉式葉輪設計
閉式葉輪結構如圖6-1a~c所示。
1) 材料及鑄件熱處理技術要求見表2-2。
2) 靜平衡處理。一般靜平衡G6.3 級，有時要轉(zhuǎn)化為克驗收(見本書 7.6.1)，不平衡質(zhì)量允差可以按表6-1 選取。
3)前后蓋板加工要用樣板檢驗，其表面粗糙度應符合本書2.5.3的要求。
4)一般葉輪前后蓋板上都有密封環(huán)，很多還另鑲有后蓋板葉輪密封環(huán)。清水泵和化工泵一般不需要鑲后蓋板葉輪密封環(huán)。密封環(huán)固定方式及配合詳見本書7.7.3。
5)葉輪與軸配合公差為H7/h6。
6) 有后密封環(huán)時(見圖6-1a)，其平衡孔總面積應為后密封環(huán)間隙環(huán)形面積的3~4倍。
7)沒有后密封環(huán)時(見圖6-1b)，一般增加背葉片平衡軸向力。但API 610標準不推薦采用背葉片來平衡軸向力，因為此方法并不可靠.
8)當泵揚程不高時，可以沒有后密封環(huán)(見圖6-1c)，也沒有背葉片，泵產(chǎn)生的較小軸向力可由滾動軸承承受。
9)前后蓋板出口處，不倒大角(見圖6-1f)， 便于動、靜平衡去重。
10) 葉輪固定:徑向采用平鍵固定，軸向采用葉輪螺母固定
2.半開式和開式葉輪設計
半開式和開式葉輪設計如圖6-1d、e所示。
葉輪只有一個蓋板，一般是沒有前蓋板，有的是沒有后蓋板，很多技術要求是與閉式葉輪相同的，不同之處說明如下:
1)葉輪是開式時，裸露葉片與相對應的耐磨板均要用樣板加工檢驗。
2)耐磨板和裸露葉片加工完后，兩者應對研，涂色檢查，均勻接觸面積不少于50%。這項工作一一定要做，絕對不可以忽略此項工作。
Parts Design of Slurry Pump
The International organization for Standardization (ISO) divides centrifugal pumps into three categories: Class I technical pumps, which are the most stringent, namely, petroleum and petrochemical systems; Class II technical pump, with medium requirements, i.e. chemical pump; Class III technical pump, with the most loose requirements, is the general clean water pump. This chapter mainly introduces the design of centrifugal pumps with high requirements, and the other two categories are briefly described. Designers can flexibly use it according to actual conditions (including surface roughness, dimensional fit accuracy, geometric tolerance, clearance, technical requirements, etc.). For high-pressure boiler feed water pump, military pump, nuclear power pump, etc., even if it is used to transport clean water, the above classification method must not be simply applied. They all have their own standards, and the designers need to deal with them according to specific requirements.
6.1 Parts design of single-stage pump and two-stage pump
6.1.1
Impeller design
As shown in Figure 6-1, the common impeller structure type can be integral casting forgings or weldments.
1. Closed impeller design
The structure of closed impeller is shown in Fig. 6-1a~c.
1) See Table 2-2 for technical requirements for heat treatment of materials and castings.
2) Static balance treatment. Generally, static balance grade G6.3 is sometimes converted to gram acceptance (see 7.6.1 of this book), and the tolerance of unbalanced mass can be selected according to Table 6-1.
3) The processing of front and rear cover plates shall be inspected with a sample plate, and the surface roughness shall meet the requirements of 2.5.3 of this book.
4) Generally, there are sealing rings on the front and rear cover plates of the impeller, and many of them are also embedded with the rear cover plate impeller sealing ring. Clean water pump and chemical pump generally do not need to insert the back cover impeller seal ring. See 7.7.3 of this book for the fixing method and matching of sealing ring.
5) The fitting tolerance between impeller and shaft is H7/h6.
6) When there is a rear seal ring (see Fig. 6-1a), the total area of the balance hole shall be 3~4 times of the annular area of the rear seal ring gap.
7) When there is no rear sealing ring (see Fig. 6-1b), the balance axial force of the back blade is generally increased. However, API 610 does not recommend the use of back blades to balance the axial force, because this method is not reliable
8) When the pump lift is not high, there can be no rear seal ring (see Fig. 6-1c) or back blade, and the smaller axial force generated by the pump can be borne by the rolling bearing.
9) At the outlet of the front and rear cover plates, there is no chamfer (see Fig. 6-1f), which is convenient for dynamic and static balancing and weight removal.
10) Impeller fixation: flat key is used for radial fixation, and impeller nut is used for axial fixation
2. Semi open and open impeller design
The design of semi open impeller and open impeller is shown in Fig. 6-1d and e.
Impellers have only one cover plate. Generally, there is no front cover plate, and some have no rear cover plate. Many technical requirements are the same as those for closed impellers. The differences are described as follows:
1) When the impeller is open, the exposed blade and the corresponding wear plate shall be processed and inspected with a sample plate.
2) After finishing the processing of wear plates and exposed blades, they shall be grinded and painted for inspection. The uniform contact area shall not be less than 50%. Once this work is done, it must not be neglected.
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